El presente artículo pone en alto los aspectos filosóficos de la investigación sobre sí mismo que realizó el escritor Hernando Téllez (1908-1966) en su obra ensayística. Esto permite señalar la condición híbrida y abierta del género ensayístico, la cual hace posible situar la reflexión de Téllez en un espacio indiscernible entre la literatura y la filosofía con un mutuo enriquecimiento de estas dos formas de pensamiento. A partir de lo anterior, se concluye que es necesario reinterpretar el período previo a (...) la profesionalización de la filosofía en Colombia, ya no solo como un lapso de tránsito a la modernización, sino como un momento de la reflexión literaria y filosófica con sus propias gramáticas de creación, relacionamiento y divulgación del pensamiento. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to present the main contributions to peace, democracy, and the philosophy of education in Colombia, made by philosopher Guillermo Hoyos-Vásquez (Medellín, 1935 – Bogotá, 2013). The work of this Colombian philosopher stands out for its important contributions to political philosophy as the vital, supportive, and responsible exercise of thought concerning the public interest. Using Kant’s concept of practical reason, Husserl’s lifeworld [Lebenswelt], and Habermas’s communicative action as starting points, Hoyos-Vásquez succeeded in going beyond (...) these political philosophers by trying to apply their ideas in the midst of the difficult context of corruption, drug trafficking and armed conflict in Colombia over the past five decades. At the same time, Hoyos-Vásquez developed throughout his life a varied public activity as a thinker and educator, belying the myth of the theoretical distance between the philosopher and his/her political present or historical reality. The thought of Guillermo Hoyos-Vásquez, and his public action as an educator, represent a substantial contribution to contemporary political and educational philosophy, maintaining a close connection between theory and practice. (shrink)

Quantum Mechanics is a fundamental physical theory about atomic-scale processes. It was built between 1920 and 1940 by the most distinguished physicists of that time. The accordance between the predictions of the theory and experimental results is remarkable. The physical interpretation of its mathematical constructs, however, raised unprecedented controversies. Ontological, semantic, and epistemic vagueness abound in the orthodox interpretations and have resulted in serious misunderstandings that are often repeated in textbooks and elsewhere. In this work, we identify, criticize, and clarify (...) the most spread ones. (shrink)

The present study intended to investigate, first, the impact of semantic clustering on the recall and recognition of incidentally learned words in a new language, and second, how the interaction between semantic clustering and frequency of occurrence may modulate learning. To that end, Spanish university students watched an intentionally created video which contained Spanish target words that were either semantically related to others of the set, or not semantically linked at all. Furthermore, frequency of appearance changed among target words (1|4|8). (...) All these words were paired with pseudowords that appeared as on-screen text during the videos. Participants were completely naive to the phases and the procedure of the experiment. After viewing the video, participants completed a recall test and a recognition test. Results showed that words presented in semantically unrelated categories were better recalled and better recognized than those presented in semantic clusters, especially when the words were presented more often. (shrink)

Este artículo ensaya una lectura de la obra de Pasolini desde el motivo de la crisis o pobreza de experiencia. Se analiza en primer término su diagnóstico del neocapitalismo como crítica del progreso y pérdida de orientación histórica. En segundo lugar, se aborda su propuesta estético-política como un intento de componer imágenes de la subalternidad que se configuren como espacios de resistencia frente al desarrollo técnico.

The World Health Organization has declared a world pandemic due to COVID-19. In response, most affected countries have enacted measures involving compulsory confinement and restrictions on free movement, which likely influence citizens' lifestyles. This study investigates changes in health risk behaviors with duration of confinement. An online cross-sectional survey served to collect data about the Spanish adult population regarding health behaviors during the first 3 weeks of confinement. A large sample of participants from all Spanish regions completed the survey. Binomial (...) logistic regressions adjusted for socioeconomic characteristics, body mass index, previous HRBs, and confinement context were conducted to investigate associations between the number of weeks confined and a set of six HRBs. When adjusted, we observed significantly lower odds of experiencing a higher number of HRBs than before confinement overall in a time-dependent fashion: OR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.49–0.81 for the second and OR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.36–0.61 for the third week of confinement. These results were equally consistent in all age and gender subgroup analyses. The present study indicates that changes toward a higher number of HRBs than before confinement, as well as the prevalence of each HRB except screen exposure, decreased during the first 3 weeks of COVID-19 confinement, and thus the Spanish adult population may have adapted to the new situational context by gradually improving their health behaviors. (shrink)

Reseña de: Huseyinzadegan, D., Kant’s Nonideal Theory of Politics, Evanston, Illinois, Northwestern University Press, 2019, 204 pp. ISBN: 978-0-8101-3987-9.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the approach to the health-disease system, raising the question about the principles of bioethics present in physician–patient relations. The principles while widely accepted may not be sufficient for a comprehensive ethical analysis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the perception of these principles and the physician–patient relationship during a hospital stay through a qualitative approach. Method Sixteen semi-structured interviews took place to know the patients’ perception during their 2020 hospitalization for COVID-19. (...) The data was analyzed through the constant comparison method, creating categories and comparing them. In the end, seven categories were established and were grouped in three: bioethical principles (dignity, charity, vulnerability, autonomy), doctor-patient relationship (participant commitment, informed consent, health staff-patient relationship) and the experience of the disease (illness, the role of the family). Results The research found that most patients described a positive experience, with the feeling of having been well cared for with no sense of discrimination or injustice done. The majority also reported that their autonomy was respected in the treatment decisions. The evaluation of these attitudes is an area of opportunity, especially when the patients' vulnerability is at risk. Conclusions The ethics of virtue offers a better reflection of how human beings manifest themselves by emphasizing the development of virtuous character and behaviors that allow them to realize their values in life. Authorized by the Research Ethics Committee with registration: DI/18/105-B/3/308. (shrink)

La invasión de Irak por parte de tropas angloestadounidenses, que tuvo lugar en los meses de Marzo ¿ Abril de 2003, constituyó un acontecimiento mediático de primer orden. Los dos bandos implicados directamente en el conflicto desarrollaron diversas estrategias de propaganda con el objetivo común de atraerse hacia su campo a la opinión pública internacional, que se manifestó de forma continua y evidente, particularmente en España, en la calle y a través de las encuestas de opinión, constituyéndose en un nuevo (...) poder político de dimensión aún por determinar. En este trabajo pretendemos estudiar cómo actuó la información sobre el público español, qué actitud adoptaron, en la selección e interpretación de la información, los contendientes, los medios de comunicación de masas y los medios de carácter sectorial y alternativo, y sobre todo cómo incidieron la actitud y las opiniones del público respecto del conflicto en la configuración de un ¿menú¿ informativo que se alejó considerablemente del modelo clásico de recepción, caracterizado por una asimetría favorable al emisor (los medios de comunicación de masas). (shrink)

Antecedente. Se considera «eutanasia» al acto de acabar con la vida del paciente a petición expresa de él, para terminar el sufrimiento propio de alguna enfermedad sin perspectiva de cura. Objetivo. Evaluar los conocimientos y la percepción sobre la eutanasia en estudiantes y profesionales de medicina, demostrando los conocimientos y clasificando la percepción sobre la eutanasia. Metodología. Estudio clínico-epidemiológico, observacional, cualitativo-cuantitativo, de corte transversal y con muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, en los estudiantes y profesionales de medicina de un hospital (...) en Venezuela. Resultados. La muestra estudiada tuvo una distribución según grado de instrucción: 64.85% de estudiantes, 19.33% de residentes y 15.82% de especialistas. Presentaron un grado de conocimiento medio, distribuido en 84.4% de especialistas, 77.3% de residentes y 80.5% de estudiantes (p 0.051). De acuerdo con los grados de conocimiento y el apoyo a la eutanasia, el 76.18% tiene un grado medio de conocimientos (p 0.0002). Conclusión. Se demostró que existe un grado medio de conocimiento, en particular en la población estudiantil. La eutanasia no fue percibida de manera negativa, demostrando una alta significancia en la atención a las implicaciones éticas que rodean este concepto. (shrink)

After compulsory secondary education; many teenagers face the process of choosing a university degree. This process involves uncertainties referred to their personal abilities, interests, social expectations and professional future. The present work is aimed at determining whether the reasons behind the selection of a particular university degree differ depending on the chosen degree. Another objective is determining whether these reasons differ significantly according to gender. The sample comprises 983 students belonging to the area of social and legal sciences at the (...) University of Seville. The obtained results reveal the existence of four main reasons behind the selection of university degrees for which significant gender-related differences were observed: easy degree, job opportunities, high wages and provision of social services. Besides, these seven reasons are observed to differ widely in six of the considered degrees. (shrink)

Se presenta en este texto una propuesta didáctica realizada en la asignatura Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales en Educación Primaria, de 3º de Grado en Educación Primaria de la Universidad de Córdoba (España). Uno de los objetivos de dicha intervención, como de la propia disciplina de Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales, incide en el trabajo de las nociones temporales en la formación del futuro profesorado de Educación Primaria que, en este caso, se han abordado desde la comparación entre el pasado (...) y el presente a través de la prensa. Para el análisis de dichos materiales, tanto históricos como actuales, se ha potenciado una perspectiva de género, promoviendo que el alumnado se pregunte por las relaciones de género en una temática concreta, como es el mundo laboral. (shrink)

In this investigation is analyzed the relationship between macroecology and other subdisciplines of ecology in epistemological, ontological and methodological dimensions. Our hypothesis is that it is possible to detect an ontological and epistemological reductive relationship. However, characteristics of this reduction are not clear and we consider that it is necessary to perform new analyses at future in this direction. Finally, we detect important methodological and ontological coincidences between macroecological and physiological subdisciplines.

El artículo ofrece una propuesta de reconstrucción del “orden de las razones” del pensamiento ético de Kant y pretende con ello contribuir a las discusiones sobre su arquitectura interna y sobre el lugar que ocupa en el conjunto de la reflexión moral moderna. En particular, el artículo discute el extendido hábito de situar la exigencia de universalidad como primer principio de la ética kantiana, y trata de mostrar que dicha exigencia no es lo primero en el orden efectivo de las (...) razones. Dicho orden –esta es la tesis que el artículo defiende– comienza antes y en un estrato más originario, y ello repercute directamente en el sentido y el lugar que deben atribuirse al proyecto de una “ética autónoma”. Por ese motivo, en la última parte del trabajo se discuten, a partir de la perspectiva alcanzada, algunas interpretaciones importantes y ya clásicas (Tugendhat, Prauss) acerca del sentido y el lugar que corresponden a tal proyecto dentro de la época moderna. (shrink)

El artículo con el título “Acerca de los progymnasmata” firmado con el nombre de Diony González Rendón fue publicado en la revista Escritos, vol. 16, No. 36 (enero-junio de 2008), pp. 260-282. Después de su publicación el día 10 de 0ctubre de 2012, el profesor Jose Antonio Fernández Delgado comunicó a la jefatura de la editorial UPB que este artículo era de su autoría y consideraba que era un plagio. En consecuencia, el profesor Delgado procedió a adjuntar las evidencias necesarias (...) para determinar que se ha había incurrido en un plagio por parte del señor Diony Gonzalez, de la obra titulada: “Influencia literaria de los progymnásmata” publicado en el libro J. A. Fernández Delgado, F. Pordomingo & A. Stramaglia (Eds.), Escuela y literatura en Grecia Antigua, Cassino 2007, pp. 273-306, libro que recoge los trabajos presentados en el simposio internacional que tuvo lugar en la Universidad de Salamanca del 17 al 19 de noviembre de 2004. Dicho libro se terminó de imprimir en mayo de 2007, según consta en sus datos de copy rightajun. (shrink)

Previamente a la realización de una intervención médica, el paciente tiene derecho a expresar su libre conformidad con ésta. Para ello, dicha conformidad debe ir precedida de la información pertinente que le permita decidir según sus intereses. Como correlato de este derecho surge la obligación del médico de informar al paciente y de recabar su consentimiento antes de llevar a cabo su actividad. De esto se trata el consentimiento informado, que se ha convertido en un derecho consolidado y con plena (...) vigencia en la mayoría de Estados democráticos. Desde hace algunas décadas, su reconocimiento ha producido que, a nivel europeo y particularmente en España, se aprecie un incremento notable de las reclamaciones judiciales por defectos de información en la asistencia sanitaria. Hoy en día, el consentimiento informado es el argumento principal de las demandas. En esta obra se lleva a cabo un estudio detallado de la figura del consentimiento informado, acudiendo a diferentes disciplinas como la Historia, la Bioética y el Derecho comparado. Se hace especial énfasis en su naturaleza jurídica y sus elementos característicos, sin perder de vista los problemas que pueden presentarse en la práctica diaria. También se centra en determinar las consecuencias jurídicas que surgen de la vulneración de este derecho desde la perspectiva de la responsabilidad civil, prestando gran interés a la relación de causalidad y al posible daño moral que se pueda generar. (shrink)

A través del presente ejercicio investigativo y hermenéutico se busca proponer la beneficencia como principio articulador entre la Teología Moral de la Persona, la Bioética y las Prácticas Biomédicas, con el fin de salvaguardar al ser humano de forma integral y desde el ámbito interdisciplinar, frente a la manipulación y menoscabo de la persona en su: dignidad, status antropológico, verdad ontológica y trascendente, lo cual nos lleva a proponer alternativas, dadas las nuevas circunstancias por las que atraviesa la humanidad; y (...) es aquí donde adquiere resonancia proponer la Beneficencia como principio articulador entre estas tres ciencias, dado que ella, como principio, está en los tres saberes de forma implícita y explícita y, las cuales, por su misma esencia, tienen puntos de convergencia como son: la determinación de su carácter moral, su estatuto de servicio, la salvaguarda de la riqueza de la vida, el reconocimiento y respeto por la dignidad humana, el reconocimiento de la multidimensionalidad del ser, y el cuidado que requiere toda persona humana en su fragilidad y vulnerabilidad. Además de lo anterior se cuenta con un abordaje teórico sobre la bioética como saber interdisciplinar; los principios de la bioética y la relación de la teología moral de la persona con la bioética. El presente ejercicio investigativo fue llevado a cabo en un lapso de dos años. (shrink)

A partir del estudio del comportamiento de los protagonistas en la obra de Franz Kafka, intentaremos mostrar los mecanismos de control de las autoridades administrativas, proponiendo al mismo tiempo un antídoto contra la sumisión acrítica. Una observación detallada de la configuración de las situaciones diegéticas permitirá invertir las situaciones de sometimiento forzoso para ofrecer, en la voz de las figuras teóricamente secundarias, una comprensión crítica que posibilite la recuperación de la libertad individual. Palabras-clave: Kafka, comedia, política, ley.

Este documento ofrece una propuesta desde la perspectiva de la bioética para la elaboración de un protocolo de triaje en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Dicha propuesta incluye recomendaciones sobre las normas procedimentales y normas sustantivas que deben regir la asignación y reasignación de recursos terapéuticos en condiciones de escasez extrema.

The main objective of this work is to analyze the intention to reduce some areas of Ecology to Physiology. The origin of this research of reduction was done through consolidation of metabolic ecological theory in first years of XXIst century. Considering this objective, general framework was based on the proposal of Sahotra Sarkar.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have had extraordinary successes in classifying photographic images of objects and are often described as the best models of biological vision. This conclusion is largely based on three sets of findings: (1) DNNs are more accurate than any other model in classifying images taken from various datasets, (2) DNNs do the best job in predicting the pattern of human errors in classifying objects taken from various behavioral datasets, and (3) DNNs do the best job in predicting (...) brain signals in response to images taken from various brain datasets (e.g., single cell responses or fMRI data). However, these behavioral and brain datasets do not test hypotheses regarding what features are contributing to good predictions and we show that the predictions may be mediated by DNNs that share little overlap with biological vision. More problematically, we show that DNNs account for almost no results from psychological research. This contradicts the common claim that DNNs are good, let alone the best, models of human object recognition. We argue that theorists interested in developing biologically plausible models of human vision need to direct their attention to explaining psychological findings. More generally, theorists need to build models that explain the results of experiments that manipulate independent variables designed to test hypotheses rather than compete on making the best predictions. We conclude by briefly summarizing various promising modeling approaches that focus on psychological data. (shrink)

Since its emergence, the contemporary environmental problem has become an object of analysis and intervention both for ecology (area of biology) and for different intergovernmental organizations with a global reach. In both fields, a series of conceptual frameworks have been developed aimed at addressing ecological changes, that is, those alterations that affect units that are the object of study of ecology. The aim of this paper is to clarify and contrast the ways in which disturbance ecology (a recent field within (...) ecology) and different intergovernmental organizations conceptualize and approach ecological change. To do this, we make an analytical comparison between the ecological concept of ‘disturbance’ and the notion of ‘driver’ coming from intergovernmental organizations. In the comparison, we observe that these concepts seek to explain similar processes of ecological change under the same causal logic, although they show important differences in the treatment of the initial conditions that allow them to be studied. We conclude that the notion of ‘driver’ leads to an epistemological impoverishment in relation to the concept of ‘disturbance’. Finally, we discuss some implications of this epistemological problem, given that it is the impoverished notion of ‘driver’ that is imposed on the international context when explaining an ecological change, and materialized in guidelines which are recognized by nations around the world. Thus, this impoverishment is transferred to the field of public policy. It is urgent to rethink to what extent we are contributing to the construction and reproduction of an epistemologically impoverished environmental problem. (shrink)

En reseña de: Clavero, Bartolomé, España, 1978. Amnesia constituyente. Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2013.

O foco deste artigo consiste nos usos dos insights científico e evolucionário na ética de Dewey. Para começar, apresenta-se uma visão geral da ética de Dewey. Salienta-se que a posição dele na ética deve ser entendida como um projeto político que advoga para o uso do conhecimento científico ao lidar com os conflitos éticos e políticos. Por sua vez, esse ponto de vista baseia-se na tese da continuidade materialemetodológicaentre a ciência e a ética. A segunda parte trata da questão da (...) abordagem de Dewey ao vínculo da ciência e da filosofia, em geral, e o valor da teoria da evolução e da antropologia à ética, em especial. Contrário a algumas interpretações atuais, argumenta-se que, segundo Dewey, a biologia e a teoria da evolução não possuem a única nem a palavra final sobre a ética, e que em sua opinião, a relevância da antropologia e das ciências sociais não deverão ser negligenciadas. Além disso, argumenta-se que a continuidade material entre a ciência e a ética destaca a importância de uma deliberação ética cientificamente informada quando os problemas éticos são enfrentados, enquanto a continuidade metodológica mostra como é possível atingir conclusões corretas na ética, mas também, a relevância que pode ser denominada de críticas genealógicasreferentes às crenças morais hereditárias. (shrink)

En gran medida, el cambio climático ha sido estructurado de manera jerárquica en escalas-niveles: local, regional y global. Sin embargo, el vínculo entre dichas escalas-niveles y la delimitación de cada una dista de ser trivial. En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar cómo es considerado el cambio climático y sus escalas-niveles por el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) y en dos proyectos productivos: las plantaciones forestales de Chile y el trigo transgénico HB4. Ambos proyectos son exhibidos en (...) armonía con los objetivos de mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climático, pero cuestionados por tener prácticas dañinas para el ambiente. En términos generales, a pesar de las múltiples causas que se asocian al cambio climático, mostramos que, en ambos proyectos productivos, la emisión de dióxido de carbono es presentada como única su causa, y la gestión del carbono a nivel global es propuesta como estrategia principal para la mitigación y/o adaptación. Por su parte, las escalas-niveles regionales y locales tienen menos importancia en el discurso público del IPCC y de las empresas asociadas a los proyectos productivos. Por su parte, elementos propios de estas últimas escalas-niveles son resaltados en las críticas ambientales a las forestales y al trigo HB4, en disonancia con los beneficios globales publicitados. Argumentamos pues que el discurso ambiental de las empresas precisa de una estrategia reduccionista en la que las escalas-niveles locales y regionales son reducidas a la escala-nivel global para mostrarse amigables con el ambiente, a la vez que justifica e invisibiliza los deterioros ambientales locales y regionales. (shrink)

Adults (more than 18 years old) are likely to reproduce the habits that they acquired during childhood and adolescence (from 6 to 16 years old). For that reason, teachers and parents have the responsibility to promote an active and healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents. Even though every school subject should promote healthy activities, Physical Education (PE) is the most important subject to foster well-being habits associated to healthy lifestyle during sport practice and other kinds of active tasks. Indeed, there (...) are many factors that influence the acquisition of healthy habits that should be taken into account when programs and activities are implemented in both educational and extracurricular context. In this sense, psychological and social factors are of utmost importance to achieve optimal experiences for an active and healthy lifestyle. However, due to the myriad of studies analyzing different factors in different contexts, there could be confusion when programs and pedagogical strategies are applied in educational or extracurricular contexts. The objective of this investigation is to analyze the state of art of the psychosocial factors which influence the engagement in physical activities and sport practice. The keywords used in this review were mainly: ‘Self-Determination Theory’, ‘motivation’, ‘Psychological need satisfaction, ‘physical activity and sport engagement’, ‘Elementary Education’, ‘Secondary Education’, ‘Physical Education’. The articles were selected according to the following criteria: (a) peer-reviewed original research published in international journals indexed in JCR or SJR, (b) published in English or Spanish, (c) about psychosocial factors which influence the physical activity and sport engagement, (b) in educational or extracurricular context. Research articles selected were found through nine databases. It was observed that physical activities and sport practice engagement are closely related to psychological factors. In particularly, intrinsic motivation was able to determine the active participation in any activity, including physical activity and sport practice during the implementation of Small-Sided Games and other kinds of pedagogical strategies (e.g., Pedagogical Models). Motivation was also closely related to flow state. Finally, these variables should be considered in order to organize effective programs to promote an active and healthy lifestyle in Physical Education classes. (shrink)

This volume has 41 chapters written to honor the 100th birthday of Mario Bunge. It celebrates the work of this influential Argentine/Canadian physicist and philosopher. Contributions show the value of Bunge’s science-informed philosophy and his systematic approach to philosophical problems. The chapters explore the exceptionally wide spectrum of Bunge’s contributions to: metaphysics, methodology and philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of physics, philosophy of psychology, philosophy of social science, philosophy of biology, philosophy of technology, moral philosophy, social and political (...) philosophy, medical philosophy, and education. The contributors include scholars from 16 countries. Bunge combines ontological realism with epistemological fallibilism. He believes that science provides the best and most warranted knowledge of the natural and social world, and that such knowledge is the only sound basis for moral decision making and social and political reform. Bunge argues for the unity of knowledge. In his eyes, science and philosophy constitute a fruitful and necessary partnership. Readers will discover the wisdom of this approach and will gain insight into the utility of cross-disciplinary scholarship. This anthology will appeal to researchers, students, and teachers in philosophy of science, social science, and liberal education programmes. 1. Introduction Section I. An Academic Vocation Section II. Philosophy Section III. Physics and Philosophy of Physics Section IV. Cognitive Science and Philosophy of Mind Section V. Sociology and Social Theory Section VI. Ethics and Political Philosophy Section VII. Biology and Philosophy of Biology Section VIII. Mathematics Section IX. Education Section X. Varia Section XI. Bibliography. (shrink)

On several key issues we agree with the commentators. Perhaps most importantly, everyone seems to agree that psychology has an important role to play in building better models of human vision, and (most) everyone agrees (including us) that deep neural networks (DNNs) will play an important role in modelling human vision going forward. But there are also disagreements about what models are for, how DNN–human correspondences should be evaluated, the value of alternative modelling approaches, and impact of marketing hype in (...) the literature. In our view, these latter issues are contributing to many unjustified claims regarding DNN–human correspondences in vision and other domains of cognition. We explore all these issues in this response. (shrink)